{"schema":"arbor-species-profile","version":2,"generated":true,"species":{"id":"english-oak","commonName":"English oak","scientificName":"Quercus robur","family":"Fagaceae","group":"Broadleaf","taxonomicGroup":"Angiosperm","habitat":"Temperate woodland, lowlands and open parkland; many soil types where rooting conditions permit.","nativeRange":"Europe to western Asia, including Iran.","height":[20,30],"lifespan":"Several centuries; exceptional veterans can exceed 1,000 years.","growthRate":"Slow","leafHabit":"Deciduous","architecture":{"form":"spreading","crown":"An open-grown oak develops a broad, irregular dome supported by substantial limbs. Crowded woodland trees tend to carry smaller crowns above longer clear trunks. Veteran crowns may retrench as limbs die and new shoots develop lower down.","branching":"Alternate buds and shoots build an irregular framework. A strong juvenile axis can give way to several major limbs; light, browsing and damage shape the result. The characteristic mature structure is not a repeated, perfectly symmetric fork.","roots":"Young oaks can establish a strong primary root. Mature architecture includes extensive lateral roots and, where soil allows, descending roots. Shallow or restrictive soils favor a different geometry; a single deep taproot is not a universal lifelong template.","bark":"Young stems are comparatively smooth. With increasing girth the bark becomes dark, ridged and deeply fissured; this surface change records expansion and weathering rather than the number of years directly.","leaves":"Simple leaves are arranged alternately. Rounded lobes, a very short petiole and small ear-like lobes at the base help distinguish this species from sessile oak. Autumn colors usually range from yellow to brown.","reproduction":"Separate male and female flowers occur on the same tree. The familiar acorns sit in cups and are carried on long stalks. Seed production fluctuates, and animals move and cache acorns."},"growth":{"heightScale":28,"maturityAge":120,"shape":1.3},"render":{"form":"spreading","leafColor":"#628a44","leafColorAutumn":"#b19143","barkColor":"#796b56","branching":1.35,"crownWidth":1.2},"stages":[{"name":"Establishment","ageRange":"Model 0–5 yr","description":"Root establishment precedes a large crown; seedlings must survive browsing, drought and competition."},{"name":"Juvenile framework","ageRange":"Model 5–30 yr","description":"Extending shoots establish the main stem and the future branching framework."},{"name":"Crown expansion","ageRange":"Model 30–100 yr","description":"Major limbs thicken and an open-grown crown spreads; stand-grown forms remain narrower."},{"name":"Mature structure","ageRange":"Model 100+ yr","description":"Height increment generally slows while wood continues to accumulate; veteran features are highly individual."}],"facts":["Pedunculate oak refers to the long stalk bearing the acorns.","Acorn dispersal, establishment and survival are separate processes; abundant seed does not ensure regeneration.","Oak form varies greatly between parkland, woodland and managed trees."],"limitations":"The spreading model represents an open-grown tree. Its stage ages and dimensions do not predict an individual oak; veteran hollowing and crown retrenchment are not simulated.","sources":[{"label":"Kew · Common oak","url":"https://www.kew.org/plants/oak-tree"},{"label":"Forest Research · Agroforestry species guide","url":"https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2024/02/Agroforestry-Tree-Species-Guide-v5.pdf"},{"label":"Annals of Forest Science · Oak taproot study","url":"https://annforsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s13595-018-0708-8"},{"label":"Natural England · Veteran tree assessment","url":"https://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/75030"},{"label":"NC State Extension · seasonal observations","url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/quercus-robur/","id":"usda-hardiness"}],"model":{"profile":{"habit":"round","width":1.25,"clear":0.23,"radius":0.34,"limbs":10,"depth":3,"leaf":"oak","leafSize":0.19,"density":9,"phyllotaxy":"alternate","bark":"furrowed","root":"tap","rootSpread":1,"twist":0.32,"note":"Broad irregular crown; stout, tortuous scaffolds and rounded leaf lobes.","scaffoldRise":[0.34,1.5],"lateralRise":0.38,"irregularity":0.19,"branchTaper":0.49,"shootLength":1,"leafRoll":0.72},"roots":{"form":"Axial and lateral framework","axes":8,"reach":1.12,"ramification":8,"order3":3,"sinkerEvery":3,"flare":0.62,"thickness":0.44,"curvature":0.95,"descent":0.94},"scope":"ArborAI teaching geometry; coefficients and ages are not measured species constants."},"botany":{"shoot":{"arrangement":"alternate / spiral","opposite":false,"pseudoWhorled":false,"flatAlternate":false,"shoot":"Alternate leaf-bearing nodes","detail":"Bud and leaf insertion constrain young shoots. Mature branches reflect growth, loss and reiteration, so an adult crown need not retain a regular pattern."},"organs":{"leaf":{"kind":"blade","length":[76,127],"source":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/quercus-robur/","note":null},"seed":{"form":"acorn","organ":"acorn","length":[20,30],"source":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/quercus-robur/","detail":["A one-seeded nut held in a cupule. The cup and brown fruit wall surround the seed.","Однонасінний горіх у плюсці. Плюска й коричнева стінка плоду оточують насінину."],"bodyMeasured":false},"reviewed":"2026-10-04"},"season":{"key":"ochre","mode":"deciduous","colours":["#c4aa48","#a67d36","#826444"],"label":["Yellow, ochre and brown","Жовте, вохристе й коричневе"],"source":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/quercus-robur/","reviewed":"2026-10-05","marcescent":true,"note":["Colour varies with genotype, site, weather and leaf exposure. Phases show a plausible sequence, without assigning dates or predicting intensity.","Колір залежить від генотипу, місця, погоди й освітлення листків. Фази показують можливу послідовність без календарних дат і прогнозу інтенсивності."]},"nativeRange":{"polygons":[[[-10,43],[-6,56],[10,61],[30,61],[48,53],[47,42],[31,39],[18,37],[1,41]]],"source":"https://www.kew.org/plants/oak-tree","scope":"Schematic regional context derived from the cited native-range description; not occurrence records, a surveyed boundary, or a suitability map."},"leafMorphology":{"venation":"Pinnate venation","margin":"Rounded lobes","organization":"Simple leaf","arrangement":"alternate / spiral","source":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/quercus-robur/"}},"taxonomy":{"kingdom":"Plantae","seedGroup":"Angiosperms","order":"Fagales","family":"Fagaceae","genus":"Quercus","species":"Quercus robur","classificationSource":"https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/","backbone":"assets/taxonomy.json"},"phenology":{"flowering":{"seasons":["spring"]},"fruiting":{"seasons":["autumn"]},"reference":"North Carolina botanical account","source":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/quercus-robur/","reviewed":"2026-10-16"},"hardiness":{"system":"USDA","zones":[5,8],"source":"usda-hardiness","subzones":["5a","8b"]}},"organTraits":{"leaf":{"kind":"blade","length":[76,127],"source":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/quercus-robur/","note":null},"seed":{"form":"acorn","organ":"acorn","length":[20,30],"source":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/quercus-robur/","detail":["A one-seeded nut held in a cupule. The cup and brown fruit wall surround the seed.","Однонасінний горіх у плюсці. Плюска й коричнева стінка плоду оточують насінину."],"bodyMeasured":false},"reviewed":"2026-10-04"},"modelProfile":{"habit":"round","width":1.25,"clear":0.23,"radius":0.34,"limbs":10,"depth":3,"leaf":"oak","leafSize":0.19,"density":9,"phyllotaxy":"alternate","bark":"furrowed","root":"tap","rootSpread":1,"twist":0.32,"note":"Broad irregular crown; stout, tortuous scaffolds and rounded leaf lobes.","scaffoldRise":[0.34,1.5],"lateralRise":0.38,"irregularity":0.19,"branchTaper":0.49,"shootLength":1,"leafRoll":0.72},"nativeRange":{"polygons":[[[-10,43],[-6,56],[10,61],[30,61],[48,53],[47,42],[31,39],[18,37],[1,41]]],"source":"https://www.kew.org/plants/oak-tree","scope":"Schematic regional context derived from the cited native-range description; not occurrence records, a surveyed boundary, or a suitability map."},"assets":{"flower.svg":{"path":"fagaceae/english-oak/flower.svg","sha256":"dbe0550ee36670eef0fe65eb0b9f1ea53e99ab572b92ce3f847dc67d1d1dd3da"},"preview.webp":{"path":"fagaceae/english-oak/preview.webp","sha256":"f33de0bcf0be4e3fdd2bc29fa8a20808e2fa56fd7d0b1c74f933531f57d8e592"},"climate.json":{"path":"fagaceae/english-oak/climate.json","sha256":"278dd586382a1c1e7407b41d51d22842cbb61c2c535aa6f28e840f8e35ae1194"},"climate-map.png":{"path":"fagaceae/english-oak/climate-map.png","sha256":"da9985183fc96fe145cb5348071eda8ab45ab8e4c820fc6e143dac69338c6d5a"}}}